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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people suffering from ADHD are medicated. It can ease symptoms but it can also trigger side effects. If you experience any adverse effects, speak to your GP about them. Stimulants are among the most popular kind of prescription medication that healthcare doctors prescribe to treat ADHD. These drugs increase the levels of brain chemicals, also known as neurotransmitters, which regulate the attention span and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a stimulant that is the first choice for treating ADHD in adults and children, is the most commonly prescribed medication. It works by enhancing the activity in brain areas that control attention and behavior. Methylphenidate can also be used to treat other ailments such as narcolepsy. It can help people with the condition to stay alert and improve their ability focus and pay attention. This medication has a very high potential for abuse and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the US Drug Enforcement Agency. If you take this medication as prescribed can reduce the potential for abuse and also other side effects. Methylphenidate can trigger psychotic symptoms for some people. adhd medication list can also increase the severity of the behavior and tics of people suffering from Tourette syndrome or bipolar disorder. People suffering from these conditions should consult their doctor prior to taking this medication. It's important to tell your doctor if you suffer from any other health problems or are allergic to any foods or dyes (such as tartrazine, which is a yellow dye that is found in processed foods as well as some medicines; if you're taking Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate can interact with certain medications, including opioids, antidepressants and monoamine oxide inhibitors. These include isocarboxazid, linezolid, methylene blue, rasagiline, Emsam, Zelapar, or tranylcypromine. It's also important to avoid alcohol and other stimulant drugs when taking methylphenidate. These drugs can have a harmful effect on your blood pressure and heart rate. The immediate-release methylphenidate tablet (Ritalin), the oral disintegrating capsule with a long-acting mechanism and chewable tablets (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) as well as the chewable tablets that have a long-acting action (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla-XR-ODT) contain Phenylalanine. It can be a risk in the case of a genetic disorder known as phenylketonuria occurs. Bupropion Bupropion, an antidepressant drug works on the brain and improves mood. It also reduces symptoms of ADHD. It is also used to treat depression and seasonal affective disorder (SAD), a type of depression that is common during the winter months of autumn and winter. It can also aid smokers in quitting by reducing the craving for nicotine and withdrawal effects. A number of studies conducted on adults have revealed that bupropion improves ADHD symptoms when compared to placebo. The pooled fixed effect RR for improvements in week 6 (using the criteria of a clinically significant improvement of 30% or more on the CGI) is 1.14 (95%CI 0.95-1.37). For overall response, this is 52 percent of the bupropion-treated group and 37% of the placebo group. Bupropion can cause serious and even life-threatening interactions if taken in conjunction together with other drugs. These include antidepressants and sedatives along with blood pressure medications. It can also increase the risk of seizures in those who have a history of seizure or high blood pressure. It is also not recommended for use in people with certain medical conditions and should not be taken by women who are nursing or pregnant. Bupropion is available as the brand-name medication Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban, Budeprion SR, Aplenzin, and Forfivo XL. It is also available in generic form. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants (abbreviated TCAs) are a group of medications that affect brain chemicals. They were one of the first antidepressants to be that were developed, and though they are no longer considered a first-line treatment for depression they are still beneficial for people suffering from other disorders. They work by preventing the reuptakes of dopamine and serotonin, increasing their availability within neurons. They can be used to treat a variety of other diseases, such as pain syndromes, enuresis like fibromyalgia, as well as phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs are effective in treating ADHD symptoms, regardless of whether they are prescribed on their own or in combination with stimulants. They can improve core symptoms, and can reduce depression, anxiety and impulsiveness. In addition, they may help manage tics, which are repetitive uncontrollable movements or sounds like clearing the throat or blinking. TCAs can trigger side effects such as dry mouth and sedation, and can increase the risk of developing cardiovascular problems. These medications can negatively interact with other medications, such as anticholinergics, and should not be taken by pregnant women. These medications are also known to cause teratogenic effects on animals, and they may cross the placenta. If you are concerned, talk to your doctor because there are newer antidepressants that have a less harmful adverse-effect profile. Selective serotonin inhibition of reuptake (SSRIs). The SSRIs are an antidepressant class of medications that inhibit serotonin reuptake in neurons and aid in increasing the amount of serotonin available for signaling. They also reduce anxiety and lower impulsive behavior. They are commonly used to treat adhd as they can assist some people with their symptoms and can work when used in conjunction with other medications. Examples of SSRIs are paroxetine, sertraline, fluoxetine, and citalopram. They exhibit linear pharmacokinetics and have a low clearance from the body, however they are extensively metabolized in the liver by CYP450 enzymes. This causes variable blood concentrations. They are also prescribed to treat various disorders, including major depressive disorder, bulimia nervosa generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The SSRIs fluoxetine escitalopram and sertraline can help to reduce PTSD symptoms. However, they don't appear to be effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. The SSRIs can cause an uncommon side effect of sexual dysfunction. If you're thinking of taking one of these medications it is crucial to consult your doctor. Many people have to try a few different types of ADHD medication before they find the one that suits them. The medications are constantly being developed and studied. It is also crucial to inform all medications you are taking to your physician. Selective norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) When stimulant drugs don't work for adults suffering from ADHD, doctors often prescribe an antidepressant known as a selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). These medications increase levels of norepinephrine and serotonin, two brain chemical substances. They also improve mood and reduce depression and anxiety. The SNRIs are similar in their adverse effects as TCAs but are safer. They are used to treat a variety of conditions, including anxiety disorders and long-term pain such as fibromyalgia and nerve pain. Sometimes, they are used to treat depression in addition. Examples of SNRIs include duloxetine (Cymbalta) and venlafaxine (Effexor). These medications inhibit the reabsorption process of norepinephrine within the brain, which is a normal reaction after neurotransmission. This results in a larger-than-normal phasic release of norepinephrine. The increased levels of norepinephrine help improve mood and concentration. Although SNRIs haven't been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD Some doctors do use as an alternative to stimulants. They are usually taken orally as pills but they can be taken as liquids or patches. In April 2021 the FDA approved an oral SNRI known as viloxazine (Qelbree) to treat ADHD in adolescents and children. It is not a controlled drug since it doesn't have the potential to be abused. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that affect the levels of serotonin as well as norepinephrine in the brain. They are used to treat anxiety and depression disorders, but can also aid in controlling symptoms of ADHD. SNRI medications such as duloxetine and venlafaxine have been proven in numerous studies to significantly lower scores on various ADHD questionnaires. However, SNRIs can increase a person's blood pressure and may interact with certain drugs. It is crucial to consult with a physician prior to taking these medications. Furthermore, improperly discarded medication can harm people and animals, so it is important to follow proper disposal instructions. SSRIs or SNRIs are not been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD, but doctors may prescribe them off-label. They are safe and effective, and have fewer adverse effects than stimulants. Talk with your doctor about your child's symptoms and discuss the pros and cons of these medications. SNRIs may not be appropriate for everyone. Women who are nursing or pregnant should not take SNRIs because they can pass through breast milk. Those with high blood pressure or liver issues should not take these drugs, either, because they may increase their risks of cardiovascular issues. Selective dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (DARPIs). Many people suffering from ADHD discover that medication can help improve their focus and attention. Some may also notice a reduction in their impulsive behavior. The medication is usually combined with behavioral therapy and training to help people learn how to manage their symptoms. It takes time to determine the right medication and dose for each individual. During this time doctors will be monitoring the physical reactions of patients to find an equilibrium between benefits and side effects. Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate, increase the activity of specific brain chemicals that regulate memory and attention. They are generally safe and effective for the majority of people, however, they may cause serious adverse effects, such as a decrease in appetite and difficulty sleeping. These side effects typically disappear within a few days, as your body adjusts to the medication. Adults and children can also use non-stimulant drugs. They may take longer to work but they can enhance the ability to control impulses and concentration. These include alpha-2-adrenergic antagonists (atomoxetine and viloxazine) and Guanfacine. Antidepressants can also treat ADHD. They can increase the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in the brain and help with impulsive behavior and depression. Bupropion is an example of an antidepressant employed to treat ADHD. It was originally prescribed “off-label” for ADHD but the drug companies eventually came up with extended-release versions and the FDA approved it as a treatment option for this condition.